來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 2023-10-05 19:49:50
一、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式
1.被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化:被動語態(tài)通常為十種時態(tài)的被動形式,各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為:被動語態(tài)由be+過去分詞構(gòu)成,be隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。
以do 為例
1) am/is/are +done 一般現(xiàn)在時
例:Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
2) has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時
例:All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
3) am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
例:A new cinema is being built here.
4) was/were done 一般過去時
例:I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
5) had been done 過去完成時
例:By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
6) was/were being done 過去進(jìn)行時
例:A meeting was being held when I was there.
7) shall/will be done 一般將來時
例:Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
8) should/would be done 過去將來時
例:The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
9) shall/will have been done 將來完成時(少用)
例:The project will have been completed before July.
2. 被動語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式
1) 帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)
其形式為:情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞。
例:The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些動詞可以有兩個賓語,在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。
例:His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改為He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 當(dāng)“動詞 +賓語 +賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語,其余不動。
例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4) 在使役動詞have, make, get賓語補語時,在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略,但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時,要加to。
例:Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的動詞詞組,如“動詞+介詞”,“動詞+副詞”等,也可以用于被動結(jié)構(gòu),但要把它們看作一個整體,不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。
例:The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)v.+ing形式及不定式to do 也有被動語態(tài) (一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài))。
例:I don't like being laughed at in the public.
二、如何使用被動語態(tài)
學(xué)習(xí)被動語態(tài)時,不僅要知道被動語態(tài)的各種語法結(jié)構(gòu),還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動語態(tài)。
1.講話者不知道動作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者。
例:My bike was stolen last night.(這時可省by短語)。
2.借助被動的動作突出動作的執(zhí)行者。
例:I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
3.為了更好地安排句子。
例:The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.(一個主語就夠了)
三、It is said that+一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動詞
如用于句型“It+ be+過去分詞+that從句”或“主語+從句及其他類似句型believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think be+過去分詞+ to do sth. ”。
例:It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.(= The boy is said to have passed the national exam.)
四、謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義
1.英語中有很多動詞如break,catch, clean, drive, lock, open、 sell, read,write,wash等,當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時,常用其主動形式表達(dá)被動意義 ,主語通常是物。
例:This kind of cloth washes well.
注意:主動語態(tài)表被動強調(diào)的是主語的特征,而被動語態(tài)則強調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。
2.表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動詞和短語,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out,等以主動形式表示被動意義。come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out
例:How do the newspapers come out? 這些報紙是如何引出來的呢?
3.系動詞沒有被動形式,但有些表示感受、感官的連系動詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動形式表示被動意義。
例:Your reason sounds reasonable.
五、表被動意義的幾種特殊形態(tài)
1.在 need,want, require, bear式的被動形式。例:The house needs repairing.
2.形容詞worth后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義,但不能跟動詞不定式。
3.動詞不定式在名詞后面作定語,不定式和名詞之間有動賓關(guān)系時,又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。
例:I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do 與 things是動賓關(guān)系,與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較:I’ ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動作的執(zhí)行者。)此處用不定式的被動語態(tài)。
4.在某些“形容詞+不定式”做表語或賓語補足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中,句子的主語或賓語又是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語時,這時常用不定式的主動形式表達(dá)被動意義。這些形容詞有 nice, easy, fit,hard,difficult , important,impossible, pleasant, interesting 等。
例:This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).
5.在 too,to結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式前面可加邏輯主語,所以應(yīng)用主動形式表示被動意義。
例:This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6.在 there be ,句型中,當(dāng)動詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時,不定式用主動式作定語,重點在人,用被動形式作定語,重點在物。
例:There is no time to lose lost time 不明確。
7.在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動表主動,下列動詞等仍用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。
例:Who is to blame for starting the fire?
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