來源:網絡資源 2023-07-08 17:02:10
英語語法最最基礎的就是詞性,沒詞性,無語法
分類:詞類又叫詞性,英語單詞根據其在句子中的功用,可以分成十個大類。
1.名詞noun縮寫n。如:student學生
2.代詞pronoun縮寫pron.如:you你(人稱)our我們的(物主)
3.形容詞adjective縮寫adj.如:happy高興的 常做表語定語補語
4.副詞adverb縮寫adv.如:quickly迅速地 作用:修飾動詞/句子
5.動詞verb縮寫v.如:cut砍、割kick替hit打
6.數詞numeral縮寫num.如:three三
7.冠詞article縮寫art.分:定冠詞the和不定冠詞a/an
8.介詞preposition prep.如:at在... in在...里 on under等
9.連詞conjunction conj.如:and和but但是or否則 等
10.感嘆詞interjection interj.如:oh哦yeah aha等等
前六類叫實詞,后四類叫虛詞
虛詞也稱為結構詞或封閉類詞包括:代詞、介詞、連詞、助動詞、情態動詞和限定詞(如this,that等)。虛詞有些沒有完整的詞匯意義,但有語法意義和功能;虛詞數量有限,比較穩定,很少增生
代詞(pronoun)
一、定義:主要用來代替名詞行使語法功能的一類詞,也用來代替起名詞作用的短語、句子。代詞數量有限,但使用十分廣泛。例如
Don' t look at Linda,sheis too shy.(she代替名詞Linda)
Don’t pick that flower,itis so beautiful(it代替名詞flower)
二、種類:英語中的代詞一般可分為九大類,
①人稱代詞(Personal Pronoun)I you, he, she. it, we, you, they等
②物主代詞(Possessive Pronouns)
形容詞性:my,our your his her its your Their等
名詞性:mine yours his hers ours yours theirs等
③反身代詞(Reflexive Pronouns)myself himself等(初中英語李老師:15191416900(同微)
④指示代詞(Demonstrative Pronouns)目前記住4個this that these those
⑤不定代詞(definite Pronouns)some somebody someone something everything everyone everybody anything anyone nothing none=no one,another other few little any, anything, any body等比較多
⑥疑問代詞(interrogative Pronouns))what who,whom;whose,which,
⑦相互代詞(Reciprocal Pronouns):each other,one another
⑧關系代詞(Relative Pronouns)who, whom, whose, which. That等
⑨連接代詞(Conjunctive Pronouns))who,whom,whose,which,what
一、人稱代詞:人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
表示我(們)你(們)它(們)這些詞有數
人稱代詞就是指
二、
代詞 |
單復數 |
人稱代詞 |
物主代詞
|
反身代詞 |
||
主格 |
賓格 |
形容詞性 |
名詞性 |
|||
第一人稱 |
單數 |
I |
Me |
My |
mine |
Myself我自己 |
復數 |
We |
us |
Our |
ours |
Ourselves我們自己 |
|
第二人稱 |
單數 |
You |
you |
Your |
yours |
Yourself你自己 |
復數 |
You |
you |
Your |
yours |
Yourselves你們自己 |
|
第三人稱 |
單數 |
He/She/It |
Him/her/it |
His/her/its |
his/hers/its |
Himself/herself/itself |
復數 |
They |
them |
Their |
theirs |
Themselves他們自己 |
人稱代詞有主格賓格之分(主語和賓語跟漢語主語賓語一致),主格就是做主語的時候使用,
如:I/we/they like playing tennis (I/we/they做主語)
賓格就是用來作及物動詞或者介詞的賓語賓語的時候用
如:She teaches you/me/us English this summer(you做teach的賓語)
人稱代詞需要注意:(初高中英語李老師:15191416900(同微)
1.三個不同人稱同時出現,或者主語中包含“我”時,按照“you→he→I”的順序表達。如:Both he and Iare working hard–Who will go there?–You and me.(你和我)
替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動名詞或者名詞性從句
2.人稱代詞it用法很多,可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,。
如:--What’s the weather like today? —It’s fine.
--What’s the time?(幾點啦?) –It’s 12:00.(12點) /
It is +adj+to do sth It is very easy to get there
It takes Sb some time to do sth It takes him three days to clean his house.
人稱代詞用在不同的位置就必須用它不同的形式
物主代詞物主兩個字意思就是物品的主人,物品所屬于誰“誰的 誰誰的”我的、你的、它的這種。
形容詞性物主代詞
物主代詞分跟
形容詞性
來共同組成一個成份
名詞性物主代詞它就相當于一個名詞可以自己獨立的做一種成分
物主代詞需要注意:
1、形容詞性物主代詞只能作句子中名詞的修飾語,后面要跟名詞。如:
your
Is thatbook? name is Lucy They arebooks.
2、名詞性物主代詞相當于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關系,在句子中可以作主語、賓語或表語,后面不可以跟名詞,一般情況下有上下文語境,如:
mine==my cup
This is your cup,but where is?
ours
Your classroom is very big, butis rather small.
三、指示代詞:指示說明近處或遠處、上文或下文、以前或現在的人或事物。
目前學了四個指示代詞:this that these those,還有such,same等
This(單數)these(復數)指時間和空間離說話人較近的人或物,可以與here連用
That(單數)those(復數)指時間和空間離說話人較遠的人或物,可以與there連用
指示代詞用法:
(1)this、that、these、those在句子中作主語、賓語、表語或定語。
(2)such “這樣的”在句子中作定語或主語。such a這樣一個,such as像…這樣的。
(3)same可作定語、表語、主語和賓語。
例如:1.That is our English teacher. (主語) 2.This storybook is thicker than that one. (定語)
3.I prefer this (these) to that (those). (賓語)
4.I have never read such an exciting book. (定語)5.We were born on the same day. (定語)
注意:(1)打電話或其他場合,本人這一方用this或these.反之用that或those。
(2)such作定語時,如名詞前有不定冠詞,把such置于不定冠詞之前。
如:she is such a beautiful girl/he is such a clever boy
(3)在same之前必須加冠詞the。
四、反身代詞:用于所強調的動作與動作執行者的關系。作表語賓語和同位語
反身代詞首先它是代詞,代詞里專門指””誰誰誰自己”。反身代詞與它所指代的名詞或代詞形成互指關系,在人稱、性、數上保持一致。(初高中英語李老師:15191416900(同微)
My-myself我自己we--ourselves我們自己 you-yourself(yourselves)itself等等
反身代詞作用:
1、反身代詞在句子中作賓語表示一個動作回到該動作執行者本身。如:
Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.
2、在句子中作同位語表示強調(即用來強調名詞或代詞的語氣)。如:
The story itself is good.故事本身是好的
五、不定代詞:代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。
一、概念
不定代詞(Indefinite Pronouns):不指明代替任何特定名次或形容詞的代詞叫不定代詞。
分類:不定代詞分為:復合不定代詞和不定代詞
復合不定代詞:
是指由:some、any、every、no + thing/body/one構成,一共有12個
復合不定代詞3個考點:
1:復合不定代詞做主語時,謂語動詞用單三形式(+s)
2:肯定句中常用含some的不定代詞,否定句和疑問句中常用含any的不定代詞。
注:當希望得到對方的肯定回答時,some可用在表示請求要求的疑問句中
如:would you please give me another cake?
3:當有定語成分(初中階段多為形容詞)修飾復合不定代詞時,定語成分需要后置(形容詞需放在不定代詞后)
小總結:復合不定代詞:由any一些,任何/some一些/every每個,所有的/no無+thing body one構成
1.復合不定代詞做主語時,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(如一般現在時時,謂語動詞+s)
2.不定代詞若有定語(初二多見于形容詞作定語修飾不定代詞)修飾時,定語需放在不定代詞的后面
3.some用在肯定句中,any用于否定句和一般疑問句中,但有一個例外(some可用于疑問句中)
當表示邀請請求,需要得到對方肯定回答時some可用于疑問句中,如:
Would you like something to drink?你想要喝點什么嗎?本句話表示希望對方喝點東西,所以可以用some
復合不定副詞:
是指由some、any、every、no + where構成,一共有4個,這4個復合不定副詞有以上考點2和3
不定代詞用法及區別如下:
1. some/anysome(一些,某)一般用于肯定句中.any(一些,任何)多用于疑問句和否定句
習題:There aretrees in front of the house.Do you haveproblems?
2.many/much
many后跟可數名詞的復數形式。much后跟不可數名詞。
常見考試時候會和too搭配:
如:too many/too much這兩個短語的區別也是many和much的區別,too是一個程度副詞起修飾作用,重點單詞還是many和much。
如:常見的還有too much和much too的辨析,同理重點單詞還是看后面too much重點單詞為much后跟不可數名詞,much too重點單詞為too,它是一個程度副詞后面需要跟adj/adv
習題:there israin these days。There arestudents here。 Mr.Li isfat
3.Both/all的區別
Both用于兩者之間“兩者都”,both常和and連用,做主語時謂語動詞用復數
all用于三者及三者以上“所有人”all作主語時,謂語動詞單復數由all后所跟名詞單復數決定
習題用(be動詞)填空:
1.both you and Iinterested in the story 2.both the studentsworking hard
3.all the waterused out 4.all the applesred
4.another/other(初高中英語李老師:15191416900(同微)
(1)another區別 泛指三個或三個以上中的另一個,I don’t want this book. Please show me another.
(2)one ...the other
1).特指兩個中的另一個They have two sons. One is a teacher, the other is a doctor.
2).修飾名詞,特指(兩者間)另一個、另一些Jim likes swimming, and the other boys like swimming, too.
(3)others泛指其他的人或物He often helps others. Some are singing, others are dancing.
(4)the others特指確定范圍內剩下的全部人或物
There are 45 students in our class. 25 are girls,the othersare boys.
5.few, a few, little, a little
幾乎沒有,強調“無”否定 |
有一點,強調“有”肯定 |
|
修飾不可數名詞 |
little |
a little |
修飾可數名詞 |
few |
a few |
如:She knows little English. There is a little milk in the bottle
few和little與quite或only連用時,常加不定冠詞a
There arequite a fewbooks in the library.圖書館里有很多書。
6.every/each
every+單數名詞,表示“每一個”,強調整體,只作定語,形式上為單數.Every child likes playing football.
each表示“每一個”,強調個體,作定語主語、賓語和同位語,常與of連用
Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice cap.
7.all / none
all表示三者或三者以上,作同位語時,一般放在連系動詞,助動詞之后,行為動詞之前
We are all from China. They all like English.
none“沒有”,表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介詞of(謂語動詞單、復數均可)
None of them is/are afraid of dogs.
8.both, either, neither(初高中英語李老師:15191416900(同微)
both“(兩者)都”,作主語時視為復數;作定語時后跟名詞復數
His parents are both teachers=Both of his parents are teachers.
either(兩者之中)任一、任何一個”作主語時謂語用第三人稱單數;作定語時后跟名詞單數形式
Either of the games is popular with the kids.(主語)兩個游戲隨便哪一個都受到孩子們的歡迎。
We can park on either side of the road here.(定語)在這里馬路的哪邊都可以停車。
neither“(兩者)都不”,含有否定意義,作主語時謂語用第三人稱單數;作定語時后跟名詞單數
Neither answer is right.
常見不定代詞短語
1.both of/either of/neither of
Both of them sing well.他們倆都唱得很好。
Either of you goes to the movies.你們倆隨便誰去看電影都可以。
Neither of them stopped to have a rest.他們倆誰都不停下來休息。
2.Both...and謂語動詞用復數形式Both Tom and Lucy are in Grade 8. Tom和Lucy都在八年級。
3.either…or/neither...nor謂語動詞遵循就近一致原則
Either my father or my mother cooks at home.或者我爸爸或者我媽媽在家做飯。
Neither he nor I am free today.我和他今天都沒空。
So/neither+倒裝句結構(初二下冊):
倒裝句結構是指“so/neither +be/助動詞/情態動詞+主語”
當表達某人“有和前面一樣的情況時”用“so+情系助+主語”倒裝句結構
1.so:前面句子是肯定句,指前面所說的肯定情況適用于其他人或物:如:I can speak English. So can he.
2.結構為:so+be/助動詞/情態動詞+主語.如:You say he works hard; So he does, and so do you.
當表達某人“有和前面不一樣的情況時”用“neither++情系助+主語”倒裝句結構
1.neither:前面句子是否定句,指前面所說的情況不適用其他人或物.如:I don't know him Neither does she.
2.結構為:neither+be/助動詞/情態動詞+主語.如:The boy was not in the room. Neither was his father
習題:
1.He can ride a bike, soI. 2. She has been to New York .SoI.
3. Tom doesn’t like bananas. Neitherhis wife. 4. If you won’t go, neitherI.
5. He is a teacher and sohis wife.
單項選擇題:
1.of his parents have been to America.A. All B. BothC. Every D. Either
2. Tom, here are 2 seats, you can sit on.A. both B. either C. all D. every
3.-I wassoexcitedthatI can`t say.A.nothing B.anything C.something D.everything
4.-Would you like some juice or coffee?- ____ , I`d like some tea.
A.Both B.None C.Neither D.Either
5. He hastoeat.Pleasegive him.
A.something,anythingB.nothing,somethingC.nothing,everything D.anything,nothing
6. –Is therein the bag?– No, thereisinit, It’sempty.
A.something; nothing B.nothing; something C.anything; nothing D.nothing; anything
7.ofthemhasmoney,soIhave toaskathirdfriendforhelp.A.NeitherB.EitherC.Both D.No
六、疑問代詞用來提問題的代詞稱為疑問代詞。what who whom whose which等
1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑問句中,一般放在句首。口語中也常用who代替whom作賓語,但在介詞后則只能用whom。
如:What is your name?Who can help me?Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?
What does she want to be when she grows up?(她長大了想干什么?)
2、what可以與名詞構成疑問短語。(初高中英語李老師:15191416900(同微)
如:what time do you get up?What colour are their hats?
注意這個提問:The man in the car is my father.(車里的男人是我父親)
→Which man is your father?(哪個男人是你的父親?)
3、疑問代詞不分單復數,視它所替代的人或事物決定單復數,但是通常用單數;如果修飾名詞,則以名詞的單復數為準。如:Who is (are) in that playhouse?(誰在游戲房里?) / What is that? (那是什么?)/ What are those? (那些是什么?) / What colors do they have?(它們有哪些顏色?
相互代詞:表示相互關系的詞叫相互代詞
七、。Each other和one another
Each other ,one another“互相”,可以通用。
each other表示兩者之間的相互之間,
one anther表示三者以上的許多人之間。
如:We must help each other when we are in trouble.
They sat there talking to one another / each other.(他們坐在那兒交談。)
八、關系代詞(Relative Pronouns)who, whom, whose, which. That等,見于定語從句中
九、連接代詞(Conjunctive Pronouns))who,whom,whose,which,what
注:八和九涉及較高層次語法重點,暫略
編輯推薦:
歡迎使用手機、平板等移動設備訪問中考網,2025中考一路陪伴同行!>>點擊查看