語態轉換時所注意的問題

1. 把主動語態變為被動語態，其謂語動詞的時態要與原句時態保持一致，其謂語動詞的數要與新主語保持一致。We have bought a new computer.A new computer has been bought.A new computer have been bought. (錯誤)

2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變為主語，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.I was given a present on my birthday.如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當的介詞，如上句還可以說：A present was given to me yesterday.注意：1.一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。(1) The book was showed to the class.(2) My bike was lent to her.2.一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞 for, 如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。(1) A new skirt was made for me.(2) The meat was cooked for us.(3) Some country music was played for us.3. 由動詞+ 介詞或副詞構成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有：不及物動詞+ 介詞，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.及物動詞+ 副詞：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。His request was turned down.The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather4. 帶復合賓語(賓語+ 賓補)的動詞改為被動語態時，一般把主動結構中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。(1) We always keep the classroom clean.→The classroom is always kept clean.(2) She told us to follow her instructions.→We were told to follow her instructions.注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動語態后都帶to，這時不定式為主語補足語，也就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略to 的問題。We often hear him play the guitar.→He is often heard to play the guitar.5. 當主動句的主語是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變為anybody,作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變為否定的被動語態。Nobody can answer this question.誤：The question can be answered by nobody.正：The question can not be answered by anybody.6. 當否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時，在被動句中應將其分別變為nothing, nobody, no one作主語，并將謂語動詞變為肯定的被動語態。They haven't done anything to make the river clean.誤：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.7. 以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用by whom放在句首：Who wrote the story?誤：Who was the story written?正：By whom was the story written?8. 有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內在品質或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。(1)The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。(2)The new product sells well. 這新產品很暢銷。對比：The books sell well. (主動句)The books were sold out. (被動句)The meat didn’t cook well. (主動句)The meat was cooked for a long time. (被動句)9. 下列情況主動句不能改為被動句：第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。(1)— Do you like the material?— Yes, it feels very soft.誤：It is felt very soft.(2)The food tastes delicious.誤：The food is tasted delicious.(3)The pop music sounds beautiful.誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful.第二，謂語是及物動詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。He entered the room and got his book.誤：The room was entered and his book was got.She had her hand burned.誤：Her hand was had burned.第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。The fire broke out in the capital building.誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building.第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.誤：The sun had already been risen.After the earthquake, few houses remained.誤：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.第五，賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變為被動句子的主語，如：I taught myself English.誤：Myself was taught English.We love each other.

誤：Each other is loved.

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