情態動詞表推測的用法

“情態動詞+have done”是情態動詞的一個十分重要的結構，這種結構有兩個主要的用法。

表示對過去發生的動作或狀態的推測或估計

may might have done

表示“大概已經”

通常用于肯定句和否定句。

might有時可用于疑問句。

can could have done

表示“可能已經”

通常用于疑問句和否定句。

could有時可用于肯定句。

must have done

表示“一定已經”

只用于肯定句，具有較大的可能性

should have done表示“該”,可能性較小

表示對過去發生的動作的遺憾或責備

might have done

表示“本可以

通常用于肯定句

could have done

表示“本可以

通常用于肯定句。

should have done

表示“應該

可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問句。

ought to have done

表示“應該”

同should have done。

needn't have done

表示“本沒有必要”

只用于否定句。

A.may /might /have done

1.表示對過去事實不大肯定的推測，常譯為“可能已經”。

They might have taken a later train.也許他們乘坐的是晚一點兒的火車。

He seems to know the city quite well. He may have been there before.他似乎對那個城市很熟悉，他以前可能去過那兒。

2.表示“本來應該或可以做但沒有做某事”，含有輕微的責備口吻或遺憾。

You might have given him more help, though you were busy.你本來應該給他更多的幫助，雖然你很忙。

The proposal might have been refused.這個建議本該拒絕的。

B.cancould have done

1.表示對過去事實的推測，常用于否定句和疑問句。

He can't couldn't have watched TV yesterday for he knew they would have an exam.昨天他不可能看電視，因為他知道快要考試了。

I don't know why she didn't call me yesterday. Can (Could) she have forgotten my telephone number我不知道昨天她為什么沒給我打電話，難道她會把我的電話號碼忘了嗎?

He didn't come to school yesterday. Can he have been ill他昨天沒來學校，難道他生病了?

2.could可表示對過去能做而未做的事感到惋惜、遺憾，可譯成“本來是可以……的”。

Why didn't Sophie apply for the job She could have got it.為什么索菲不申請這項工作?她本來是能得到的。

Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York You could have stayed with Barbara. 你到紐約時為什么住賓館?你完全可以和芭芭拉住在一起的。

Given more time, we could have done the work better.如果給我們更多的時間，我們完全可以把這項工作干得更好。

C.must have done

1.表示對過去事實有把握的推測，具有較大的可能性。只用于肯定句中，否定句和疑問句用cancould have done。

His watch must have stopped.他的表肯定停了。

--- I rang your flat yesterday. A man answered but I didn't recognize the voice.昨天我給你家打電話，一位男士接了電話，但我沒聽出來是誰的聲音。

--- Oh, it must have been my brother Peter. 哦，那一定是我哥哥彼得。

2.用于虛擬語氣中時，表示與過去事實相反。

You must have caught the bus if you had got up earlier. 如果你早一點兒起床的話，你準能趕上那一班公共汽車了。(事實上沒有趕上公共汽車)

He must have won the game if he had been careful enough.如果他足夠細心的話，他準能贏得比賽。.

D.needn't have done

用于對過去的責備，表示“沒有必要做某事，可是做了”。

The airport is close to us. You needn't have hurried there early.機場離這兒很近，你沒必要早早地趕到那里。(可是你早早地到那兒了)

He is still young. You needn't have sent him such an expensive present.他還小，你沒必要送他這么昂貴的禮物。

注意：

如表示“過去不必做也沒有做”之意，需用didn't need to do。

It is not cold today. I didn't need to take the thick sweaters out.今天天氣不冷，我沒有必要把厚毛衣拿出來。(實際上也沒拿)

E.shouldought to have done

1.表示對過去動作的責備或批評。

You should have gone over your lessons. (In fact you didn't go over your lessons.)你們應把功課復習好的。(可事實上你們沒有。)

You shouldn't have watched TV last night. (In fact you watched TV last night.)你們昨天晚上本不該看電視。(可你們看了。)

You oughtn't to have entered the teachers' office without permission.沒有經過允許，你們本不該進老師的辦公室。

You oughtn't to have gone to the deserted place alone. 你不該獨自去那荒涼之地。

2.表示期待或推測。

If the flight was on time, you should ought to have arrived in Shanghai early this morning.如果航班準點的話，你今早就能到上海了。

The building should ought to have been completed by the end of the week.這幢建筑物本周末前應該能完工。

F.would have done

表示與過去事實相反的假設或結果。

I would have been happy to see him, but I didn't have time.我會很高興和他見面的，但我沒時間見他。

If your father had still been alive, he would have felt very proud of you.你父親如果還健在的話，他會為你驕傲的。

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