英語閱讀難句分析之定語從句

　　英語和漢語中的定語有很大的不同。漢語中定語只能前置，而英語中定語既可前置也可后置。兩者的不同，不僅表現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)上，也表現(xiàn)在意義上。英語中的定語從句有時從原因、結(jié)果、目的或條件等方面對中心詞加以限定。因此，在對語法結(jié)構(gòu)、上下文邏輯關(guān)系深刻理解的前提下，為了更明確地表明這種邏輯關(guān)系，可以將定語從句翻譯成相應(yīng)的狀語從句。同時值得注意的是，定語從句與中心詞之間常有分割成分，而該分割成分中與定語從句緊挨著的名詞，常常會被誤認(rèn)為定語從句的中心詞。

　　因此，遇到這種結(jié)構(gòu)，一定要根據(jù)上下文和常識進行判斷。翻譯定語從句時可采用提前譯、順序譯、分譯或轉(zhuǎn)譯等多種方法。

　　1. As far as the third factor is concerned,the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation;in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down,as happened in cosmology,for example.

　　第一層： As far as the third factor is concerned ,狀語從句1 the history 主 of science 定 shows 謂 many 定 instances 賓 in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly power- 定語從句 ful resistance to further investigation ; in some cases 狀 centuries 主 elapsed 謂 before this resistance was eventually broken down,as 狀語從句2 happened in cosmology,for example.

　　第二層： (狀語從句1) As far as 引 the third factor 主語 is 系 concerned 表語

　　(定語從句) in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated 謂 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 狀 sistance to further investigation

　　(狀語從句2) before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 狀 broken down, 表 as happened in cosmology，for example 定語從句

　　第三層： (定語從句) as 引 happened 謂 in cosmology,狀 for example. 插入語

　　要點 本句由兩個分句構(gòu)成，以分號連接。第一個分句的主干為the history of science shows many instances，in which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾instances，such ……as ……表結(jié)果，后接不定式;在第二個分句中，before 引出時間狀語從句：before this resistance was eventually broken down;代詞as在此是關(guān)系代詞，引出定語從句：as happened in cosmology。resistance：抵抗(力);阻力。cosmology：宇宙論，宇宙哲學(xué)。

　　譯文 至于第三個因素，科學(xué)史中有許多事例表明，權(quán)威的力量起到這樣一種作用：它給進一步的研究設(shè)置了一道極其牢固的障礙;在許多情況下，要花上幾個世紀(jì)的時間才能最終打破這道障礙。例如，在宇宙學(xué)中就發(fā)生過這樣的事。

　　2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

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