初三英語知識點：垂直結構

所謂垂懸結構(The Dangling Construction)就是一個句子成分，如分詞短語，不定式動詞短語等，找不到被修飾的主語或被修飾的對象不合邏輯。垂懸結構是種錯誤的句法，應該避免。

下面是三種常見的垂懸結構及其改正方法：

⒈垂懸分詞或分詞短語，如：

① Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.

這句子里的現在分詞短語(present participial phrase)修飾主語“several boars”是錯的;改正方法有二：

(a)確定是邏輯主語，使句子變成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”

(b)把現在分詞短語擴大為副詞分句(也稱狀語從句)：“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”

⒉垂懸副詞短語，如：

② After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.

這句的副詞短語(adverb phrase)和主語“the fish”有什么邏輯關系呢?真正的邏輯主語應該是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才對。改正方法和例①同：

(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.

(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.

⒊垂懸不定式動詞短語，如：

③ To write well, a lot of practice is needed.

④ To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.

這兩個句子的不定式動詞短語(infinitive phrases)并不能修飾“practice”和“a sense of belonging”，真正的主語必須是“ 人”，如：

(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.

(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.

上述三類垂懸結構中，第一類發生的頻率最高，必須注意。但是在下列三種情況下，分詞短語是對的，它們并非垂懸結構：

第一，獨立結構(The Absolute Construction，見3月7日《中英合談》)中的分詞短語有自己的主語，所以不是垂懸結構。例如：

① Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.

第二，當分詞含有介詞或連詞性質時，它不需要邏輯主語，所以沒有垂懸問題存在。例如：

② Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.

③ Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.

第三，當分詞短語是用來表示說話者的態度或意見時，也不需要邏輯主語，因此也不存在著垂懸問題。例如：

④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.

⑤ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.

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