（十一）動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)

　　1． 語態(tài)定義：英語中表示主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞形式稱為語態(tài)。英語的語態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主動(dòng)) English is taught in our school .（被動(dòng)）

　　2． 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：助動(dòng)詞Be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞（be +p.p.），be有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。見下表：

　　時(shí) 態(tài) 謂語動(dòng)詞的形式 例 子

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) Am / is / are + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞 Colour TVs are made in the factory .

　　一般過去時(shí) Was / were +動(dòng)詞過去分詞 My hometown was liberated in 1949 .

　　一般將來時(shí) Shall / will + be +動(dòng)詞過去分詞 The film will be shown again .

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) Am / is / are + being +動(dòng)詞過去分詞 The walls are being painted .

　　過去進(jìn)行時(shí) Was / were +being動(dòng)詞過去分詞 The tickets were being well sold then .

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) Has / have + been + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞 A new road has been built here .

　　時(shí) 態(tài) 謂語動(dòng)詞的形式 例 子

　　過去完成時(shí) Had + been +動(dòng)詞過去分詞 Much had been done before mother came back .

　　含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋動(dòng)詞過去分詞 The composition must be handed in today .

　　3． 被動(dòng)語態(tài)中值得注意的問題：

　　○1 帶有雙賓語的動(dòng)詞，可以把任何一個(gè)賓語變被動(dòng)，一般在間接賓語前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father .

　　○2 英語中有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)語態(tài)。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long .

　　○3 在英語中有時(shí)"be + V-ed"結(jié)構(gòu)并不是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，而是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。The mountains were covered with snow .

　　○4 在"主語＋謂語＋賓語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語"的結(jié)構(gòu)中，要補(bǔ)留賓語補(bǔ)足語。We found the door broken. / The door was found broken.

　　○5 賓語補(bǔ)足語為省to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)后，要還原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh .

　　○6 如果短語動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但不能遺漏所含的介詞或副詞。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked after by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed must be made up for .

　　○7 下列情況不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

　　A． 不及物動(dòng)詞： The accident happened on a busy road yesterday .

　　B． 連系動(dòng)詞： The girl looks like her sister .

　　C． 賓語為反身代詞：He always dresses himself neatly .

　　D． 賓語為相互代詞：The students often help each other .

　　E． 同源賓語：At that time, they lived a happy life .

　　F． 表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞：I have a new car. / The book cost me 30 yuan .
 

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